Author: Zuzanna Kwiatkowska

Modern agriculture and horticulture increasingly use substances that are not classic plant protection products, but have a significant impact on the physiology and quality of crops. This group includes ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), which is classified as a systemic growth regulator. Its special role is that it is easily absorbed by plants and, after application, releases ethylene, a natural phytohormone. Ethylene affects a number of physiological processes in plants, including, above all, fruit ripening. 

As a result, ethephon has found wide application in vegetable and fruit production, especially where uniform and accelerated ripening of the crop is of key importance. This is particularly important in the case of species (such as tomatoes and peppers) where uniform color and ripeness are not only a market requirement but also an element of effective protection against losses caused by disease. 

Ethephon has been registered in many countries for use on various crops, such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, and oilseeds. 

Mechanism of action of ethephon 

Ethephon is a highly water-soluble compound which, after penetrating plant tissues, decomposes to release ethylene, phosphoric acid, and chlorides. Of these, ethylene is the most important because it acts as a natural growth regulator. 

Ethylene has many functions as a phytohormone in plants, including: 

• initiating and accelerating the fruit ripening process,
• stimulating the aging and falling of leaves,
• it regulates germination and flowering processes,
• it influences plant responses to environmental stresses (e.g., drought, salinity, pathogen infections).

In practice, this means that the application of ethephon allows you to control certain physiological processes that would occur more slowly or unevenly under natural conditions. 

The use of ethephon in fruit and vegetable crops 

The use of ethephon in fruit and vegetable crops brings visible benefits, primarily in accelerating and standardizing fruit ripening. Thanks to this solution, producers can achieve the following effects: 

• Uniform yield – the fruit ripens at a similar rate, allowing for a single harvest. This is particularly beneficial for farms focused on supplying raw materials to processing plants, where product quality consistency is required. 

• Increased commercial value – uniform fruit color (e.g., intense red in tomatoes or peppers) increases their attractiveness to customers, which has a positive impact on their market price. 

• Loss reduction – shorter ripening time reduces the risk of fruit infection by pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea (gray mold) and Alternaria spp. In practice, this means less need for fungicides and reduced losses during storage. 

• More efficient harvesting – uniform fruit ripeness allows for more efficient organization of the harvesting process, which translates into lower labor costs. 

Applications of ethephon in cereal cultivation 

Fruits and vegetables are undoubtedly among the main areas of application for ethephon, but this substance also plays a significant role in cereal cultivation. Due to unfavorable weather conditions, which often occur during the period when cereals are heading, plants are exposed to lodging and bending of stalks to the ground, which leads to significant yield losses. 

In the later stages of cereal growth and development, auxins dominate. They stimulate intensive growth of the main shoot while inhibiting the development of side shoots. High concentrations of these hormones can also negatively affect root system development.  

Ethephon is a substance used in cereal cultivation that can regulate the action of auxins. Numerous studies and experiments confirm its multidimensional benefits. 

By inhibiting the production and transport of auxins, ethephon supports the development of side shoots and stimulates the growth of adventitious roots. An additional advantage of this substance is its ability to quickly and effectively stop the growth of stalks during the most intensive period of their elongation.  

The effect of ethephon application is slight lignification of tissues, which leads to their stiffening and mechanical strengthening of the stalks. Shorter and more stable stalks contribute to better transport of nutrients and water to the ear, which translates into more efficient use of resources. 

Ethephon and plant protection 

Ethephon is not a classic plant protection product, as it does not act directly on fungi, bacteria, or insects. Its role is mainly to indirectly support protection by shortening the period during which fruits remain susceptible to infection. 

Accelerating ripening with ethephon means that fruit reaches harvest maturity faster and can be picked before pathogens attack. 

In this way, ethephon can be considered part of integrated plant protection, supporting the action of traditional fungicides and improving overall production efficiency. 

Safety and restrictions on use 

Like any growth regulator, ethephon requires precise dosing. Excessive doses can cause undesirable effects, such as premature fruit drop, deterioration in fruit quality, or accelerated plant aging. 

In accordance with European Union regulations, ethephon is registered as a growth regulator, and its use is subject to compliance with waiting periods and permissible residue levels in crops. In practice, this means that farmers must use it in accordance with the registration label, and applications should be made at the appropriate stages of plant development. 

Ethephon – planned legislative changes 

When the European Union renewed its approval for ethephon (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/2591), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommended lowering the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for this substance. Based on the reduced ADI in 2024, EFSA reviewed all maximum residue levels (MRLs) for ethephon. 

The European Commission also consulted the EU reference laboratories for pesticide residues on the need to adjust certain limits of determination. These laboratories proposed product-specific limits of determination for ethephon that are analytically achievable, ensuring compliance with updated safety and monitoring standards. 

The European Union plans to introduce new maximum residue levels for ethephon in many products from January 2026.   

On September 19 this year, the Council of the European Union received a draft regulation amending Annexes II and V to Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005 of the European Parliament  

and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for dimoxystrobin, ethephon, and propamocarb in or on certain products. 

The European Commission has notified the World Trade Organization (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Committee (SPS) of its intention to amend the maximum residue levels for ethephon (G/SPS/N/EU/801). 

The revised MRLs will have a particular impact on blueberry exporters, for whom the MRLs will be reduced to the limit of quantification. 

On June 23, 2025, the European Commission published a corrigendum stating that the MRLs for ethephon in nuts (except hazelnuts and walnuts) are also being reduced to the limit of quantification. 

It was also proposed to lower the MRLs for apples, pineapples, rye, and wheat. However, the MRL for barley will be increased.  

Table 1. Planned changes to maximum residue levels of ethephon in food products (source: www.agrinfo.eu) 

Group	Products	Ethephon (mg/kg)
		Current NDP	Planned NDP
Nuts from nut trees	almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, chestnuts, coconuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios	0,1	0,02*
Pome fruits	apples	0,8	0,7
Berries and small fruits	blueberries	20	0,01*
Various fruits	pineapples	2	1,5
Cereals	barley	1	1,5
	rye	1	0,8
	wheat	1	0,5

* Limit of detectability 

Suppliers of apples, pineapples, rye, and wheat should review their current use of ethephon and assess whether any changes to current good agricultural practices will be necessary to ensure compliance with the new maximum residue levels. For suppliers of blueberries and nuts, it is particularly important to assess their current use of ethephon and consider potential alternatives, pending changes to the MRLs. 

In addition, the EU also proposes to lower the limit of determination for a wide range of products: 

– for fruit, vegetables, cereals, sugar crops, and animal products from 0.05 to 0.02 or 0.01 mg/kg,
– for oilseeds, oleaginous fruits, tea, coffee, cocoa, and spices from 0.1 to 0.05 mg/kg. 

Summary 

Etefon is an important tool in modern fruit and vegetable production. As a growth regulator, it works by releasing ethylene, which accelerates and evens out fruit ripening, improves their commercial quality, and facilitates harvest organization. In addition, it promotes phytohormones, which shorten and stiffen cereal stalks, preventing lodging. This translates not only into economic benefits, but also into better protection of plants against losses caused by disease. 

Although it is not a typical pesticide, its importance in agricultural practice shows that the regulation of plant physiological processes can be as important as chemical protection. When used properly, ethephon therefore becomes a valuable element of a sustainable agricultural and horticultural production system. 

At the Hamilton UO-Technologia laboratory, we test for ethephon residues in fruits, vegetables, and cereals, and the testing method we use has a detection limit that meets both current requirements and future, more restrictive standards. 

 

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Why is shelf-life so important? 

Shelf-life is one of the key features of any food product – from raw materials, through semi-finished goods, to finished products. Each product should have a clearly defined date, and its duration is influenced by producers, suppliers, and even consumers. Shelf-life is defined as the period from the moment of production (or maturation) and packaging during which the product maintains an appropriate level of quality under specified storage conditions. Proper determination of this period is crucial for companies, as it helps to reduce the risk of complaints and product withdrawals while strengthening trust in the brand. 

Legal framework

European law does not contain explicit regulations on how to correctly determine shelf-life. According to Article 14(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002, no food that does not meet safety requirements may be placed on the market. This means that full responsibility for product safety and quality throughout the declared shelf-life rests with the manufacturer. 

EFSA guidance 

In 2023, EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) published guidance documents for the food industry on establishing shelf-life. These included suggested tools to support the process, such as literature data, predictive microbiology models, shelf-life and challenge tests. The choice of method depends on the product’s characteristics and the producer’s capabilities, but shelf-life studies are the most commonly used – as they allow monitoring of quality changes in the product during storage. 

Standard and accelerated tests 

The most common model involves testing under standard conditions, which can be carried out for virtually all food groups. An alternative is accelerated testing – known as Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT). This involves storing samples in climate chambers at higher temperature and humidity than standard, simulating the product’s ageing process. The method is based on the van’t Hoff rule, which states that raising the temperature by 10°C typically doubles the rate of chemical reactions. However, it must be noted that excessive acceleration may lead to overestimated durability forecasts under normal storage conditions. 

Controls during storage 

The number of controls depends on the length of the shelf-life. It is recommended to carry out at least 3–4 measurements, both in standard and accelerated studies. For new products, when there is insufficient knowledge about the pace of changes, it is advisable to plan a higher number of controls, especially towards the end of the shelf-life. 

J.S. Hamilton Poland Sp. z o.o. conducts accelerated studies in climate chambers under conditions of: 

• 30°C and 65% relative humidity, 

• 40°C and 75% relative humidity. 

The degree of acceleration is determined in relation to the standard storage conditions declared by the producer. 

Designing ASLT studies

Each accelerated study project is developed individually and requires detailed product data – including water activity, pH, fat content, presence of preservatives, additives, or type of packaging. These studies allow for faster estimation of shelf-life but always require confirmation in standard studies to ensure the reliability and safety of the forecasts. 

Method limitations

Not every product is suitable for ASLT. It is not recommended for: 

• chilled and frozen food, 

• products with a shelf-life below 6 months, 

• high-fat foods (due to rancidity processes), 

• chocolate, jelly candies, and other products prone to deformation at higher temperatures, 

• foods enriched with vitamins, which are particularly sensitive to heat and moisture. 

Experience of J.S. Hamilton Poland

The J.S. Hamilton Poland team has many years of experience in conducting shelf-life studies, including ASLT tests. Experts support producers in designing projects, carrying out tests, and interpreting results to ensure consumers receive safe and high-quality products. 

 

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Where do metals in food come from?

Metals and their compounds naturally occur in the environment—they are present in soil, water, and air. However, their levels in food can also increase due to human activity, including industry and agriculture. They can also enter food during processing or storage. The main concern is long-term exposure, as the body accumulates these elements over time, which can lead to serious health effects. These include diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous, and urinary systems, immune system disorders, as well as genetic damage that increases the risk of cancer.

EFSA actions – which metals are the most dangerous?

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has been monitoring risks related to heavy metals for years, such as lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic (especially inorganic), nickel, and inorganic tin. EFSA regularly publishes scientific opinions on their impact on health and updates TDI (tolerable daily intake) values. Recently, particular attention has been paid to nickel and inorganic arsenic, resulting in the European Commission adopting regulations defining the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of these metals in food.

At the end of 2024, EFSA also assessed the risk associated with the consumption of organic arsenic compounds found in fish, seafood, and seaweed. In some cases, no risk was identified, but for certain forms, such as arsenic compounds bound to fats, additional data are required.

Main sources of metals in the diet

Heavy metals can be present in many everyday foods—from fruits, vegetables, and grains to meat, fish, cocoa products, and spices. The table below presents examples of sources of elements for which MRLs were established in Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, as amended.

Name of metal (symbol)	Food products
Lead (Pb)	fruit, vegetables, mushrooms, legume seeds, grains, dried spices, meat from animals, birds, and fish, seafood, milk, honey, oils and fats, fruit juices, wine, salts, dietary supplements
Cadmium (Cd)	fruit, vegetables, fresh herbs, nuts, mushrooms, legume seeds, grains, oilseeds, meat from animals, birds, and fish, seafood, cocoa and chocolate products, salt, dietary supplements
Mercury (Hg)	fish, seafood, salt, dietary supplements
Inorganic arsenic (AsIII + AsV)	rice, rice cereal products, rice-based beverages, fruit juices
Total arsenic (As)	salt
Inorganic tin (SnII + SnIV)	canned food and beverages
Nickel (Ni)	vegetables, nuts, fresh herbs, legume seeds, seaweed, oilseeds, grains, cocoa and chocolate products, fruit and vegetable juices

New Regulations – Limits for Nickel

From 1 July 2025 came into force, Commission Regulation (EU) 2024/1987 amending Regulation (EU) 2023/915 as regards maximum levels of nickel in certain foodstuffs. The most important change is the inclusion of nickel under supervision, meaning that the list of elements subject to strict control has been expanded with another metal significant for consumer safety.

Food for children under special control

Infants and young children are particularly vulnerable to metal contamination due to their low body weight and relatively monotonous diet. Rice-based products, often used in the diet of the youngest children—especially those with cow’s milk protein allergy or celiac disease—can be a significant source of inorganic arsenic. It is estimated that dietary intake of this element in this age group is 2–3 times higher than in adults. Therefore, Regulation (EU) 2023/915 sets significantly lower permissible metal limits for food intended for children up to 3 years old. For mercury, no MRL has been established; however, due to its harmful effects, a zero-tolerance principle is applied.

How are exceedances monitored?

Food products exceeding permissible metal levels are reported through the RASFF system (Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed). This information is published in annual reports of the ACN warning network. In 2024, approximately 40 notifications were recorded concerning lead and cadmium in fruits and vegetables, as well as nearly 70 notifications related to the presence of mercury and cadmium in fish and fish products.

Metal testing at J.S. Hamilton Poland Laboratory

J.S. Hamilton Poland Laboratory conducts determinations of heavy metals for which limits are set in Regulation 2023/915, as amended. Analyses of lead, cadmium, mercury, total arsenic, tin, and nickel are performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The content of inorganic arsenic is determined using HPLC-ICP-MS, which combines high-performance liquid chromatography with detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

 

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How the Potato Took the Hard Way to Europe

The domestication of the potato took place around 8,000 years ago in the Lake Titicaca region, located in the Andes on the border of present-day Peru and Bolivia. The potato was brought to Europe in the 16th century by the Spanish. Initially, it was met with suspicion, as it was considered poisonous and unchristian. Therefore, for a long time it was treated mainly as a botanical curiosity or animal feed. It was cultivated mostly in monastic and princely gardens but was not included in the daily diet.

It wasn’t until the 18th century, when famine and armed conflicts spread across the continent, that the potato came to be seen as an important food crop—a valuable, nutritious, and efficient source of carbohydrates. Its widespread adoption heralded the alleviation of food shortages. Over the following decades, it became a staple in the diets of people in Central and Western Europe, especially in Ireland, Poland and Germany.

However, the rapid expansion of potato cultivation brought risks: in the mid-19th century, potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) ravaged fields on a massive scale. Ireland was hit the hardest, where between 1845 and 1848, famine claimed around a million lives and forced another million to emigrate. In response, chemical protection practices (fungicides) were introduced, and efforts to breed disease-resistant varieties began—efforts that became the foundation for the success of potato farming in Europe. Thanks to these actions, the potato became a stable food source.

The Power of the Potato – From Famine to Global Crop Diversity

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) ranks third among the world’s most important food crops, after rice and wheat. Throughout history, the potato has contributed to food security and poverty alleviation. Today, it still plays a key role in global food security due to its high yield in a short period, low land requirements and ability to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions.

Potatoes are cultivated for various purposes: for direct consumption, processed products, industrial starch, seed potatoes, and to a lesser extent, animal feed.

There are thousands of potato varieties, differing in size, shape, color, texture, culinary properties, flavor, starch content, and disease resistance. Variety selection depends not only on local climatic conditions and agronomic characteristics but also on the intended market use of the crop.

Potato – The King of European Cuisine

Although fresh potato consumption has declined in recent decades in Europe and North America—mainly due to the rising popularity of other carbohydrate sources such as pasta, rice, or groats—it is still hard to imagine European cuisine without the potato.

The potato is a true culinary chameleon—boiled, baked, fried, or stewed, it serves as a base for mashed potatoes, gnocchi, potato pancakes or fries. Various varieties enable everything from creamy purées to firm new potatoes. Its neutral flavor pairs perfectly with butter, cream, cheeses, garlic and herbs, and with the right preparation. It offers a healthy source of starch, fiber, vitamin C, and potassium.

The potato is not just food – it is also part of the cultural identity of many countries. Its history shows how a once-suspect botanical novelty became one of the most important vegetables on our continent.

Pathogens vs. Production – The Realities of Potato Cultivation

Although potato production and consumption are declining in Europe and North America, global production has increased in recent decades, mainly due to rising consumption in Asia.

Potatoes are vulnerable to many pathogens that can cause serious qualitative and quantitative losses. These diseases negatively affect tuber quality during cultivation, storage, and processing. The most significant potato diseases worldwide include: late blight (Phytophthora infestans), early blight (Alternaria solani), stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani), potato wart (Synchytrium endobioticum), powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea), bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum), black leg (Pectobacterium spp.), potato virus Y (PVY), potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) and yellow potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis).

The importance of individual diseases varies by region and climate. Particularly dangerous is late blight, due to its aggressiveness and high genetic variability. Under optimal conditions, it can destroy a crop within a week. Fungicides remain the primary control method because high-resistance varieties are less accepted by the market. As a result, potato cultivation is heavily dependent on pesticide use. In many countries, it receives the highest amount of plant protection products per hectare.

Weed, Pest, and Pathogen Control in Potato Cultivation

Effective potato cultivation requires comprehensive plant protection—not only from diseases but also from weeds and pests. Since the space between rows remains uncovered for a long time, weeds like lamb’s quarters, knotweed, or cleavers gain a competitive advantage. An optimal protection program combines pre-emergence and post-emergence treatments, effectively halting weed growth and ensuring high yields and tuber quality.

Pre-emergence herbicide treatments are applied to moist soil at least a week before sprouting, targeting weeds like lamb’s quarters or knotweed. After sprouting (from May onward), attention shifts to controlling the Colorado potato beetle, one of the most significant pests. Monitoring enables early detection of larvae, which can be eliminated using biopesticides (spinosad, azadirachtin), or in severe infestations, with chemical agents (e.g. lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, acetamiprid, chlorantraniliprole).

Among fungal diseases, the most dangerous are late blight and early blight, which occur mainly in full vegetative growth. Their development is favored by warm, humid weather and agronomic errors such as early planting. The protection program is also enriched with agronomic practices, such as proper liming and soil structure improvement, which support plant health and reduce infection risk.

The entire strategy is based on integrated management combining chemical, biological, and agronomic methods, ensuring yield stability and high tuber quality with minimal environmental impact.

 

Table 1. List of Active Substances Approved for Use in Potato Protection (Polish Ministry of Agriculture, as of 14.07.2025)

Type of Product	Active Substance
Fungicide	·        Ametoctradin, ·        Amisulbrom, ·        Azoxystrobin, ·        Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (formerly subtilis) strain QST 713, ·        Boscalid, ·        Cyazofamid, ·        Cymoxanil, ·        Difenoconazole, ·        Dimethomorph, ·        Fluazinam, ·        Fluxapyroxad, ·        Fluopicolide, ·        Fluopyram, ·        Flutolanil,	·        Folpet, ·        Imazalil, ·        Mandipropamid, ·        Mefentrifluconazole, ·        Metalaxyl-M, ·        Copper and its compounds, ·        Oxathiapiprolin, ·        Pyraclostrobin, ·        Propamocarb, ·        Prothioconazole, ·        Pseudomonas sp. strain DSMZ 13134, ·        Trichoderma asperellum strain T34, ·        Valifenalate, ·        Zoxamide.
Insecticide	·        Acetamiprid, ·        Azadirachtin, ·        Chlorantraniliprole, ·        Cyantraniliprole, ·        Cypermethrin, ·        Deltamethrin, ·        Flonicamid, ·        Flupyradifurone,	·        Lambda-cyhalothrin, ·        Rapeseed oil, ·        Pyrethrins, ·        Spinosad, ·        Spirotetramat, ·        Tau-fluvalinate, ·        Tefluthrin.
Herbicide	·        Aclonifen, ·        Bentazon, ·        Chizalofop-P-ethyl, ·        Clomazone, ·        Cycloxydim, ·        Diflufenican, ·        Fluazifop-P-butyl, ·        Flufenacet, ·        Flurochloridone, ·        Glyphosate,	·        Carfentrazone-ethyl, ·        Clethodim, ·        Nonanoic acid, ·        Metobromuron, ·        Metribuzin, ·        Pendimethalin, ·        Propachizafop, ·        Prosulfocarb, ·        Rimsulfuron.
Growth Regulator	·        1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene, ·        1-Methylcyclopropene, ·        Sodium 5-nitroguaiacolate, ·        Spearmint oil extract,	·        Ethylene, ·        Maleic hydrazide, ·        Sodium nitrophenolates (para-, ortho-), ·        Orange oil.
Molluscicide	·        Metaldehyde, ·        Fluopyram,	·        Iron(III) phosphate, ·        Iron pyrophosphate.
Acaricide	Fosthiazate
Desiccant	Pyraflufen-ethyl
Disinfectant	Dazomet
Other (Sanitizer)	Benzoic acid

Based on tests performed at Hamilton UO-Technology Ltd. in 2024, Table 2 shows the pesticide residues detected in the 349 potato samples tested.

Table 2. Pesticide residues detected in potato samples, 2024 (own data of HAMILTON UO-Technology)

Detected Residue	Number of Samples with Detected Residue (> LOQ)	Non-Compliant with Regulation (EC) No 396/2005
Chlorothalonil	127
Bromide ion	40
1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene (DMN)	30
2,6-Dichlorobenzamide (BAM)	30
Fluxapyroxad	26
Flutolanil	24	4
Maleic hydrazide	22
Chlorpropham	14	1
Fluopicolide	10
Chlorate	7
Imidacloprid	6	4
Dicamba	4	2
Cyantraniliprole	3
Aclonifen	2
Azoxystrobin	2
Chlorantraniliprole	2	2
DDT*	2
Fluopyram	2
Flupyradifurone	2
Mandipropamid*	2
Metalaxyl and Metalaxyl-M*	2
Metobromuron	2
2,4-D*	1	1
Acetamiprid	1	1
Clopyralid	1
DEET (Diethyltoluamide)	1
Dimethomorph*	1
Metribuzin	1

*Included as per definition in Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, as amended.

 

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Viruses as an Invisible Threat to Food Safety

Fresh fruits and vegetables are commonly considered a healthy and safe dietary choice. However, despite their nutritional value, they can be a potential source of foodborne viruses—especially if they haven’t been properly cleaned or have been contaminated during production and distribution.

The viruses most commonly associated with such infections include noroviruses (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Increasingly, cases are also being linked to hepatitis E virus (HEV), rotaviruses, and sapoviruses. These viruses can be found on the skins of fruits and vegetables, and although invisible to the eye, their presence can lead to serious health consequences.

Why Do Viruses “Cling” to Fruits and Vegetables?

Fresh and minimally processed products are sold ready-to-eat, without prior heat treatment and without protective substances against microorganisms. This makes them particularly vulnerable to contamination—both during production and at later stages of the supply chain.

Contamination can occur at the cultivation site, for example, through contact with wastewater or contaminated soil. It may also happen later—during transport, storage, packaging, or preparation by individuals not following proper hygiene practices.

Importantly, unlike bacteria, viruses do not multiply in food products but can survive on their surfaces for a long time. Even a low dose may be enough to cause an infection.

What Characterizes Foodborne Viruses?

Viruses are extremely small particles containing genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein capsid. They require living cells to replicate but can remain infectious for days or even weeks in environmental conditions.

They are highly resistant to external factors—they can survive contact with the acidic environment of the stomach, low temperatures, and common cleaning agents. They do not die during freezing and can persist on work surfaces, kitchen tools, and hands.

Does Heat Treatment Eliminate Viruses?

Not always. In the case of frozen or fresh products that are not subjected to prolonged heat treatment, the risk of infection still exists. Simply heating to 60°C is not sufficient, as enteric viruses require higher cooking temperatures for effective inactivation.

This makes not only proper washing essential, but also quality and food safety monitoring at various stages of production.

Modern Detection Methods – How to Find What’s Invisible?

Virological diagnostics in food products is one of the more demanding tasks in laboratory analysis. Due to the very low number of virions in samples and their irregular distribution, methods with very high sensitivity and precision are necessary.

In our laboratories, we use advanced molecular techniques—primarily RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). The process includes:

• elution of viruses from the sample surface and their concentration,
• isolation of genetic material (RNA),
• amplification and detection of viral material.

RT-PCR makes it possible to detect even trace amounts of norovirus, HAV, and HEV genetic material with high specificity.

 

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This is the third and final part of our series on changes in MRL standards, if you haven’t seen the previous publications – we encourage you to read part one and part two.

Active substances are withdrawn or their approvals are not renewed when they do not meet current safety or quality criteria established by EU legislation.

The withdrawal of active substances is the result of continuous scientific and legal evaluation, aimed at ensuring the maximum level of protection of human, animal health as well as the environment. Decisions not to renew approvals are based both on new research results and on manufacturers’ failure to meet procedural requirements.

Active substances withdrawn in 2024

Active substance	The ban on the use of from	Application	Reason for non-renewal of approval
Ipconazole	29.02.2024	Cereal protection	– long-term risk to grain-eating birds – substance harmful to reproduction
Dimoxystrobin	31.07.2024	Crop protection (rapeseed)	– Contamination of groundwater with toxicologically relevant metabolites of dimoxystrobin
Clofentezine	11.11.2024	Control of mite eggs and larvae in orchards	– Endocrine-disrupting properties – Long-term risk to birds and wild mam
Triflusulfuron-methyl	20.08.2024	Herbicide for sugar beet	– Groundwater contamination with toxicologically significant metabolites – Endocrine-disrupting properties
Metiram	28.11.2024	Protection of potatoes and apple trees	– Endocrine-disrupting properties – Risk to aquatic organisms and arthropods – High risk of exposure for operators, bystanders, and residents
S-metolachlor	23.07.2024	Control of monocot weeds (corn)	– Groundwater contamination and risk to drinking water – Risk of secondary poisoning of mammals feeding on earthworms
Benthiavalicarb	13.12.2024	Fungicide used in potato and tomato cultivation	– Carcinogenic substance – Endocrine-disrupting properties
Abamectin* Authorized until 31.03.2038	01.04.2024 → only in permanent greenhouses	Insecticide	Only allowed in applications enabling controlled exchange of matter and energy with the environment and preventing plant protection products from being released into the environment.

*Abamectin – its agricultural use has been significantly restricted. According to the European Commission’s guidelines, from 1 April 2024, it may only be used to control pests in permanent greenhouses.

Active substances withdrawn in 2025

Active substance	Ban on use from	Application	Reason for withdrawal of approval
Metribuzin	24.11.2025	Control of mono- and dicotyledonous weeds (potatoes, soybeans, tomatoes, cereals)	– Endocrine-disrupting properties – High risk of exposure for bystanders and residents – Risk to bees
Tritosulfuron	07.11.2025	Weed control in cereals	– applicant → withdrawal of application for renewal of approval
Mepanipyrim	20.05.2025	Fungicide used in strawberry cultivation	– Endocrine-disrupting properties – Long-term risk to wild mammals
Dimethomorph	20.05.2025	Fungicide for crops in the nightshade, onion, gourd, and grapevine families	– Reproductive toxicity – Endocrine-disrupting properties

Expiry of approvals in 2025

Chemical companies are required to submit an application to renew the approval of their active substance to the EU authorities. If they fail to do so, the approval of the active substance in the EU will automatically expire by a certain date. The table below lists the active substances whose approval will expire in the near future due to failure to submit a renewal application or withdrawal of the renewal application.

Active substance	Ban on use from	Application
Spirotetramat	31.10.2025	Insecticide for strawberries, currants, gooseberries, blueberries, potatoes, carrots
Penflufen	31.05.2025	Fungicide for seed treatment of potatoes, alfalfa, cereals, vegetables, legumes, and oilseeds
Pyridalyl	30.06.2025	Insecticide for ornamental trees and shrubs, and cotton
Spinetoram	30.06.2025	Insecticide for apples and pears
Chromafenozide	31.03.2025	Insecticide for apples, pears, strawberries, cherries, rice, cabbage, lettuce, tea, sugar beet, ornamentals, cotton
Meptyldinocap	31.03.2025	Fungicide for cucurbits and fruits (apples, pears, peaches, plums, strawberries, grapes)

Renewals and extensions of pesticide approvals in 2025

The EU recently renewed the approval of mepiquat chloride until 29 February 2040 (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/150 of 29 January 2025).

If the renewal application cannot be fully evaluated before the expiration date, the approval may be extended to allow the evaluation to be completed. Accordingly, so far in 2025, the EU has extended the approvals of the substances listed in the table below. If the renewal assessment is concluded before the end of the extended period, the Commission will issue a decision on the renewal or non-renewal of the approval at the earliest opportunity. In the event of a non-renewal decision, the previously granted extension will cease to apply. It may be that some of the following active substances will not be approved for further use.

Extension of approval in 2025

Active substance	Application (according to the MRiRW list)	Approval extended until
Milbemectin	Currants, blackberries, blueberries, raspberries, cranberries, gooseberries, strawberries, pears, apples, hops	31.05.2026
Pyrimethanil	Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, blueberries, gooseberries, grapes, apples, pears, peas, carrots, zucchini, tomatoes, peppers, onions, pumpkins	30.06.2026
Formetanate	Tomatoes, eggplants, ornamental plants	30.09.2026
Phenmedipham	None specified	30.09.2026
Cyprodinil	Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, blueberries, cranberries, apples, cherries, pears, tomatoes, carrots, celery, onions, lettuce, green beans	31.10.2026
Dichlorprop-P	None specified	31.10.2026
Fosetyl	Apples, pears, tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, cabbage, ornamentals, tobacco	31.10.2026
Pyrimicarb	Apples, cabbage, wheat, barley	31.10.2026
Spinosad	Blueberries, gooseberries, currants, cranberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, potatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, garlic, leeks	31.10.2026
Halosulfuron-methyl	None specified	15.11.2026
Triticonazole	Corn, wheat, barley, rye, oats, triticale, ornamentals	31.01.2027
Ziram	Corn	31.01.2027
Imazamox	Peas, soybeans, broad beans, faba beans, alfalfa, clover, rapeseed, sunflower	30.06.2027
Pyriofenone	Wheat, barley, triticale	30.06.2027
Benalaxyl-M	None specified	30.09.2027
Pyroxsulam	Wheat, rye	30.09.2027

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This is the second part of the article on the changes in the MRL standards – if you haven’t seen the first one yet, you can read it in the first part of the article.

1,4-dimethylnaphthalene and fluopyram

According to Commission Regulation (EU) 2024/2640 of 9 October 2024, there have been changes since April with regard to maximum residue levels for 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene and fluopyram in or on certain products.

1,4-dimethylnaphthalene

At the end of April, the European Union introduced changes to the maximum residue levels for 1,4-DMN. This substance is used post-harvest to prevent potatoes from sprouting during storage and transport, thus maintaining tuber quality for longer.

At the manufacturer’s request, EFSA analyzed data on the use of 1,4-DMN on potatoes and concluded that the proposed increase in the MRL from 15 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg does not pose a risk to consumer health. The risk assessment showed that the long-term intake of 1,4-DMN residues does not exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI).

However, it proved necessary to adjust the MRL for products of animal origin, due to the fact that potatoes and their preparations are used as animal feed. EFSA evaluated the impact of residues of this active substance on products of animal origin. As a result of the evaluation, it proposed lowering the MRL for most  animal origin products, such as meat, offal and milk, and increasing the limit for poultry and eggs to reflect current animal exposure data.

Product	Previous MRL (mg/kg)	Applicable MRL (mg/kg)
Potatoes	15	20
Most products of animal origin		reduction of existing MRLs
Milk (cattle, sheep, goats, horses, others)	0,4 – 0,5	0,3
Poultry meat fat, edible offal	0,2 0,6 – 0,7	0,3 1,5
Bird eggs	0,15	0,4

Fluopyram

As of April 30, the European Union increased the maximum residue limit for fluopyram in pumpkin seeds from 0.01 mg/kg to 0.4 mg/kg.

This decision was based on data from residue tests conducted on rapeseed. In accordance with EU guidelines for extrapolation of data, the results of these studies were considered representative of pumpkin seeds.

Thiacloprid

On May 12, significant changes were made to the maximum residue levels for the active substance thiacloprid under Commission Regulation (EU) 2024/2711 of 22 October 2024.

• In response to public health concerns-including potential endocrine effects and risks to pollinators the MRLs for all food products will be reduced to the limit of quantification (LOQ):MRL 0.02 mg/kg – tree nuts, herbs, edible flowers, oil seeds and fruits, bird eggs;
• MRL 0.05 mg/kg – teas, coffee beans, herbal infusions, cocoa beans, hops, spices, honey and other apicultural products;

MRL 0.01 mg/kg – for all other products (not listed above), in particular the majority of plant and animal origin products.Acetamiprid

Acetamiprid is an active substance of plant protection products from the neonicotinoid group – modern neuroactive insecticides chemically related to nicotine. Due to its efficacy against many sucking and chewing pests, it is widely used in crop protection.

The EFSA opinion showed that in many tested agricultural and food products, the acute reference doses (ARfD) for acetamiprid were exceeded. In response, EFSA recommended tightening the maximum residue levels for acetamiprid, which was subject to consultation with EU member states.

Already after the approval issued by 2033, at the initiative of France, EFSA reopened its analysis of acetamiprid for human health effects. In a statement published in 2024, EFSA concluded that the available data did not fully assess the risk to the consumer and pointed to the need for additional studies. Based on this EFSA proposed lowering both the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and the acute reference dose (ARfD) from the previous 0.025 mg/kg bw/day to 0.005 mg/kg bw/day. Following EFSA’s opinion, the European Commission adopted Regulation (EU) 2025/158 on 29 January 2025, establishinglower MRLs for a number of products.

Starting August 19, MRLs will be lowered for 38 products, including apples, pears, apricots, cherries, peaches, raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries, currants, tomatoes, sweet peppers, cucumbers, pumpkins, melons, zucchini, watermelons, broccoli, cauliflower, head cabbage, asparagus and various leafy vegetables.

The most significant MRL changesfor acetamiprid include a reduction  to 0.01 mg/kg for: bananas, currants, asparagus, lettuce, endive, chard and spinach.

Zoxamide

Under Commission Regulation (EU) 2025/146 of 29 January 2025, the European Union is amending the maximum residue limits for zoxamide, an active substance used as a fungicide, effective August 19. EFSA reviewed the existing limits for zoxamide and recommended:

• lowering the MRL to the limit of quantification (0.01 mg/kg) for most products, including: fruits (citrus, pome and stone fruits), vegetables ((root, bulb, brassica, leafy, leguminous and stem), mushrooms, nuts, oilseeds and oil fruits, cereals, teas;
• raising the MRLs for tomatoes (2 mg/kg), eggplant (0.5 mg/kg), honey and other apicultural products (0.2 mg/kg);
• setting import tolerances at 0.7 mg/kg for garlic, onions and shallots.

Fenbuconazole and penconazole

On August 24 of this year, revised MRLs for fenbuconazole and penconazole residues in a number of food products will come into force (Commission Regulation (EU) 2025/195 of 3 February 2025).

Penconazole

Penconazole is a fungicide of the triazole group, used in the protection of plants against fungal diseases. It is primarily applied in the protection of orchard crops (apple and pear trees) and vineyards (to control powdery mildew in grapevines). It is also occasionally used in the cultivation of certain vegetables and greenhouse crops.

​​The changes of maximum residue levels for penconazole are the result of additional data provided to address gaps identified during the last MRL review. Based on the submitted data, EFSA decided to increase the existing limits for pome fruit, plums, and blackberries and raspberries. On the other hand, MRLs for apricots, peaches, and grapes were lowered to safe levels established on the basis of the new residue trials.

Product	Current MRL (mg/kg)	Planned MRL (mg/kg)
Pome fruits (apples, pears, quinces, medlars, loquats and Japanese medlars)	0,01 – 0,15	0,3
Apricots	0,08	0,07
Peaches	0,15	0,07
Plums	0,09	0,15
Grapes (table and wine)	0,5	0,4
Blackberries and raspberries	0,1	0,4

Fenbuconazole

Fenbuconazole is the triazole group fungicide (similar to penconazole, but with a broader spectrum of activity), mainly used for the protectionof cereal crops, and less frequently in the protection of fruit trees.

• The key planned changes include:reduce the MRL to 0.01 mg/kg for: apricots, plums, grapes (both table and wine), bananas, peppers, cucurbits (such as cucumbers, zucchini, melons, watermelons, etc.), peanuts, certain oilseeds and cereals (sunflower, rapeseed, rye, wheat, barley), products of animal origin (milk, cattle, sheep, goats, horses);
• adjustment to Codex Alimentarius CXL levels for: grapefruit, oranges and peaches (reduction the MRL to 0.5 mg/kg), as well as for tea (raising the limit from 0.05 to 30 mg/kg).

Clothianidin and thiamethoxam

Insect decline is a global phenomenon caused by multiple factors, one of which is the use of pesticides. In particular, the neonicotinoid group has been identified as posing a threat to bees.Since pollinators play a key role in supporting ecosystems and global food production, food and feed consumed in the EU should not contribute to the global decline of pollinators – regardless of whether these products are produced within the Union or imported from third countries.

For this reason, Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/334 of 2 February 2023 amending Annexes II and V to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for clothianidin and thiamethoxam in or on certain products was adopted. The regulation lowers the maximum residue levels for these two neonicotinoids to the technical zero level of 0.01 mg/kg.

For the first time, the regulation lowering MRLs is based on environmental grounds. The new limits will apply from March 2026 to allow operators from third countries, particularly developing and least-developed countries, sufficient time to adapt to the new requirements.

We will soon publish the third and final part of the series.

 

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Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin, as amended – establishes maximum levels for pesticide residues (MRLs) in food and feed in the European Union. It aims to ensure a high level of consumer health protection by setting permitted concentrations of pesticides in food products. The regulation governs both monitoring and procedures for evaluating new substances, as well as changes to MRLs.

What is an MRL?

The content of possible pesticide residues in food is regulated by Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). An MRL is the maximum legal concentration of a pesticide residue in or on food and feed determined from the results of supervised field trials in which the pesticide was applied in accordance with Good Agricultural Practices (GAP).

It is important to note that the MRL is a marketing standard – not a toxicological reference value, exceeding which carries health risks.

In the European Union, MRLs for pesticides are establishedby the European Commission after a detailed assessment involving the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the member states.

What are the sources of Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) for pesticides and why do these limits change over time?

Maximum residue levels (MRLs) for pesticides in the European Union are primarily established based on: good agricultural practices (GAPs), toxicological data evaluated by EFSA, scientific opinions at renewals of approvals of active substances of plant protection products, and procedures provided for in Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, as amended.

Changes to these limits occur because:

• every 10 years (or upon request), active substances are reapproved, which often leads to updates in toxicological reference values (such as ADI or ARfD), resulting in MRL adjustments;
• new active substances are approved, for which MRLs are established based on data provided by manufacturers;
• producers can apply to establish or revise MRLs to bring limits in line with agricultural practice and research results;
• import tolerances are established to ensure the smooth trade of goods from outside the EU while maintaining consumer protection;
• EFSA conducts periodic reviews of existing MRLs, and member states can request scientific opinions on pesticide residue risk assessment;
• additionally, once safety has been demonstrated, the EU may adopt CXL values from the Codex Alimentarius in order to harmonize international standards.

As a result, each of these mechanisms – from renewal of approvals, to requests from producers and countries, to adaptation of Codex Alimentarius standards – ensures that MRLs remain current and based on the latest scientific knowledge.

Fluxapyroxad, lambda-cyhalothrin, metalaxyl and nicotine

As of February 11, Commission Regulation (EU) 2025/115 of 21 January 2025 has been in force, amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for fluxapyroxad, lambda-cyhalothrin, metalaxyl, and nicotine in or on certain products.

Fluxapyroxad

Fluxapyroxad is an active ingredient that effectively controls a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens in cereals and other food crops (e.g.: beets, apple, pear, cherry, cherry, peach, apricot, cucumber, zucchini, tomato, lettuce, strawberry, brassica plants).

The most important changes to the maximum residue levels for fluxapyroxad are an increase in the MRL for Kaki / Persimmon japonica, based on extrapolation of data from residue studies on apples, and an increase in the maximum level of fluxapyroxad for cultivated fungi (such as mushrooms).

Product	Previous MRL (mg/kg)	Applicable MRL (mg/kg)
Kaki/Japanese persimmons	0,01	0,2
Cultivatedfungi	0,01	0,3

Lambda-cyhalothrin

Also on February 11, new MRLs for lambda-cyhalothrin came into effect. Lambda-cyhalothrinis an insecticide from the synthetic pyrethroid group, mainly used to control harmful insects in agriculture, forestry, veterinary medicine and public health (e.g. thrips, potato beetles, caterpillars, mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, flies, cockroaches).

According to  Regulation (EU) No 2025/115 – for avocados, the MRL was raised, in response to an import tolerance request for the use of lambda-cyhalothrin in Mexico. And for poultry products (meat, fat, liver, kidney, edible offal), as well as eggs – the data assessment showed that residues exceeded the temporary MRLs established in 2018 due to the use of approved biocides. EFSA has proposed new, higher MRLs, which it has shown do not pose a health risk to consumers.

Product	Previous MRL (mg/kg)	Applicable MRL (mg/kg)
Avocados	0,01	0,15
Poultry products (muscle, fat, edible offal)	0,01	0,03
Birds eggs	0,01	0,02

Metalaxyl

The February MRL changes also included metalaxyl residues in pineapple and dried ginseng root. The change was introduced based on the Codex Alimentarius (CXL) values and a positive EFSA assessment, which confirmed no risk to consumers.

Product	Previous MRL (mg/kg)	Applicable MRL (mg/kg)
Pineapples	0,01	0,1
Ginseng (dried root)	0,05	0,06

Nicotine

Also as of February 11 of this year, the European Union has a new maximum residue level for nicotine in coffee beans, which has been set at 0.05 mg/kg to account for residues from potential sources other than pesticide use.

Prior to that date, coffee beans were not assigned a specific MRL on the EU list – a general default value of 0.01 mg/kg was then used. The new regulation has introduced a clearly defined MRL for this product category, which is important for producers and importers.

Cycloxydim, dichlorprop-P, flupiradifuron, phosphonic acid and its salts

As of April 17, amendments introduced by Commission Regulation (EU) 2025/581 of 27 March 2025 amending Annexes II and IV to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for cycloxydim, dichlorprop-P, flupyradifurone, methyl nonyl ketone, plant oils/citronella oil, potassium sorbate and potassium phosphonate in or on certain products are in force.

Cycloxydim

Cycloxydim is a selective herbicide from the cyclohexanone group, used to control grass weeds in broadleaf crops (e.g.: beets, soybeans, peas, beans, potatoes, fruit trees, ornamentals).

As of April 17, new maximum residue levels for cycloxydim in selected agricultural products took effect. The changes are the result of an application submitted by the German company BASF SE and a positive opinion from EFSA.

The MRL was raised in pome fruits such as apples, pears, quinces, medlars and Japanese medlars. Also, the limit was raised significantly for peas with pods. For maize and sugar beet root, the MRL was also increased.

Product	Previous MRL (mg/kg)	Applicable MRL (mg/kg)
Pome fruits (apples, pears, quinces, medlars and loquats/Japanese medlars)	0,09	0,4
Peas (with pods)	2	9
Maize/corn	0,2	0,3
Sugar beet roots	0,2	0,3

Dichlorprop-P

Dichlorprop is used to control both annual and perennial dicotyledonous weeds such as dandelion and field thistle. It is particularly effective in controlling the growth of these weeds in cereal crops such as wheat, barley, rye and oats.

​The April 17 change in maximum residue levels for dichlorprop-P in cereals resulted from a request by Nufarm Crop Products UK Ltd. The company asked the Italian national authority to raise the existing MRLs for dichlorprop-P in barley, oats, rye and wheat grains from 0.1 mg/kg to 0.15 mg/kg. The aim was to bring residue levels in line with intended agricultural practices, particularly the use of dichlorprop-P as a plant growth regulator.

The European Food Safety Authority conducted a risk assessment and concluded that both short-term and long-term intake of dichlorprop-P residues at higher levels does not pose a health risk to consumers.

Product	Previous MRL (mg/kg)	Applicable MRL (mg/kg)
Cereals (only: oats, barley, rye, wheat)	0,1	0,2

Flupiradifuron

On April 17, revised maximum residue levels for flupiradifuron in selected products took effect.

The amendments follow the submission of two applications to establish new MRLs, including the establishment of import tolerances. The applicants submitted data showing that the use of this active substance authorized in Australia, Brazil and the United States, results in residues exceeding the MRLs established in Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, as amended, and that higher MRLs should be imposed to prevent trade barriers to imports of these crops.

Key changes:

• import tolerances have been established for: “other” citrus fruits, stone fruits, mangoes, papaya, sesame seeds, millet, oats, rye;
• CXL values for flupiradifurone in pineapple (0.3 mg/kg) and sunflower seeds (0.8 mg/kg) were adopted;
• MRLs were raised for: “other” small fruits and berries (except blueberries), leafy brassica vegetables (except kale), edible herbs and flowers, swine commodities (except muscle), and honey;
• the MRL for kale was lowered from 5 to 4 mg/kg.

Fosetyl and phosphonic acid and its salts

As of 17 April  2025, the previous definition of Fosetyl-Al (the sum of fosetyl, phosphonic acid and their salts, expressed as fosetyl) has been replaced by the new Phosphonic acid and their salts expressed as phosphonic acid.

The basis for these changes are two European Commission Regulations 2024/2619 of 8 October  2024 and 2025/581 of 27 March  2025. Under them, the residue definition for fosetyl aluminum (fosetyl-Al), potassium phosphonates and disodium phosphonates was revised, and the maximum residue levels for these substances in selected food products were updated.

The change in definition is intended to better reflect the actual level of residues in food and to facilitate monitoring. The new definition focuses solely on phosphonic acid and its salts, eliminating the previous reference to fosetyl.

Phosphonic acid can come not only from the use of crop protection products (such as fosetyl aluminum ), but also from fertilizers, plant growth promoters and soil additives containing potassium and disodium phosphonates. Therefore, it was necessary to adjust the MRL to cover all potential sources of residues. Based on updated scientific data and risk assessment, EFSA recommended adjusting the MRL accordingly. Depending on the product and the level of risk, the limits were raised in some cases and lowered in others.

Napropamide, pyridaben and tebufenpyrad

Commission Regulation (EU) 2024/2609 of 7 October 2024 amending Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for napropamide, pyridaben and tebufenpyrad in or on certain products, has been in effect since April 28.

Napropamide

Napropamide is a selective soil-appliedherbicide from the amide group, used mainly for the control of annual broadleaf weeds and some grasses in agricultural, vegetable and orchard crops.

​The changes to the maximum residue levels for napropamide, which went into effect April 28, are the result of a review by EFSA. During this review, data gaps were identified that were necessary for establishing safe MRLs for certain products. Despite the additional information provided by the applicant, EFSA found it insufficient for some products and recommended lowering the MRLs to the  quantification level (LOQ) – the lowest level that can be detected by the most modern and reliable analytical methods.

The products covered by this change are listed in the table below.

Product	Previous MRL (mg/kg)	Applicable MRL (mg/kg)
“Other” small fruits and berries (blueberries, cranberries, currants, gooseberries, rose hips, elderberries)	0,02	0,01
Herbs and edible flowers (chives, celery leaves, parsley leaves, sage, rosemary, thyme, basil, bay leaves, tarragon)	0,05	0,02

Pyridaben

Pyridaben is a plant protection product from the acaricide and insecticide group, mainly used in agriculture and horticulture to control pests, especially mites (such as spider mites) and some sucking insects such as aphids.

At the end of April, changes  to the maximum residue levels for pyridaben in selected food products were also introduced.

For pome fruit, apricots, peaches and beans in pods, it was decided to lower the MRL.

For products of animal origin (muscle, fat, edible offal), it was decided to lower the limit of quantification from 0.05 to 0.01 mg/kg, in view of the fact that currently available analytical techniques allow lower levels of quantification.

Product	Previous MRL (mg/kg)	Applicable MRL (mg/kg)
Pome fruits (apples, pears, quince, medlars, loquats and others)	0,9	0,15
Apricots, peaches	0,3	0,01
Beans (with pods)	0,2	0,01
Products of animal origin (muscle, fat, edible offal)	0,05	0,01

Tebufenpyrad

Tebufenpyrad is an insecticide and acaricide, mainly used in greenhouse and orchard crops to control spider mites and mites. It is used to protect a wide range of crops, including: citrus, stone fruits, grapevines, vegetables and soybeans.

As of April 28, the maximum residue levels for tebufenpyrad in five food products have been lowered. The changes follow EFSA’s assessment and are related to the lack of some data.

For apricots, peaches and table grapes, the MRLs was lowered. However, for beans with pods and hops, complete studies were not provided, making it impossible to assess the risk, so the new MRL was set at the level of quantification.

Product	Previous MRL (mg/kg)	Applicable MRL (mg/kg)
Apricots, peaches	0,4	0,3
Table grapes	0,6	0,4
Beans (with pods)	0,3	0,01
Hops	1,5	0,05

We encourage you to read the second part of the article – available here.

 

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